Information on food crop species Cassava (Cassava Plants)
The name, description, classification: Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz; other names: manioc, cassava, tapioca, yuca, mandioca, manioc, maniok, singkong, ubi kayu, aipim, macaxeir, kappa, maracheeni) food crops eat tubers annually, can live for years, in the family Euphorbiaceae. Cassava height 2-3 m, canopy diameter 50-100 cm. Lobed leaf into many respects, can be used to make cattle feed. Horizontal roots grown into tubers and starch accumulation. The root is long 20-50 cm, when boiled milky-colored, high starch content. Boiled cassava plastic taste, characteristic aroma. Cassava growing period varies from 6 to 12 months, in some places up to 18 months, depending on varieties, planting, growing geographical areas and purposes.
Origins: Cassava originated in tropical regions of Latin America (Crantz, 1976) and is cultivated around 5,000 years ago (CIAT, 1993). Central arising Cassava is assumed in the northeast of the country under Brazilian Amazon basin, where many plant species and wild cassava (De Candolle 1886; Rogers, 1965). Center differentiation potential side in Mexico in Central America and the northern coastal areas of South America. Evidence of cassava roots are planted in Venezuela archaeological sites dating back 2,700 years BC, relics shown in the coastal cassava Peru around 2,000 BC, these toasters complex cassava in Malabo in northern Colombia dating back about 1,200 years BC, the starch granules in coprolites are found in Mexico dating from year 900 to the year 200 BC (Rogers, 1963, 1965).
Distribution: Currently, cassava is cultivated in 100 countries of the tropics, subtropics, concentrated in Africa, Asia and South America, as a food source of more than 500 million people (CIAT, 1993).
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Historical Development: Cassava is the Portuguese brought to the Congo of Africa in the 16th century document refers to cassava in this region of Barre and Thevet wrote in 1558. In Asia, cassava was introduced to India India around the 17th century (PG Rajendran et al, 1995) and Sri Lanka early 18th century (WMSM Bandara and M Sikurajapathy, 1992). Then, cassava is grown in China, Myanmar and other Asian countries in the late 18th century, early 19th century (1992 U Baiping Thun Than Fang 1992).
Cassava was introduced to Vietnam in the mid 18th century (Pham Van Bien, Hoang Kim, 1991). There is no document unsure of where to plant and grow the first year. Cassava cultivation is common in almost all provinces of Vietnam from North to South. The area of cassava grown in the Southeast region, the Central Highlands, the northern midland and mountainous, coastal areas south-central and north-central coastal region.
Production situation, consumption of cassava in the world and Vietnam
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Production and consumption of cassava in the world output of cassava world reached 226.34 million tonnes in 2006/07 compared with 2005/06 fresh root is 211.26 million tonnes and 71.26 million tonnes in 1961's. Water yield is the world's largest cassava Nigeria (45.72 million tonnes), followed by Thailand (22.58 million tonnes) and Indonesia (19.92 million tons). Vietnam ranked tenth in the world in cassava production (7.71 million tonnes). Countries with the highest cassava yield is currently India (31.43 t / ha), followed by Thailand (21.09 t / ha), compared with an average yield of world cassava is 12.16 tonnes / ha (FAO, 2008).
Worldwide, cassava is grown by small farmers to produce food and foodstuff, animal feed and for sale. Cassava is mainly grown on poor land and use traditional cultivation techniques.
Average consumption of cassava worldwide about 18 kg / person / year. Production of cassava in the world is consumed in the country is around 85% (58% food, 28% of animal feed, industrial processing 3%, losses 11%), the remaining 15% (30 million tons) are exported in the form of dried cassava chips, pellets and starch (CIAT, 1993). The demand for cassava as animal feed around the globe are keeping a stable level in 2006 (FAO, 2007).
Cassava high share in the structure of the food in Africa, an average of about 96 kg / person / year. Zaire is the use of 391 kg of cassava most with / person / year (or 1123 calories / day). The demand for cassava as staple foods in Africa Saharan both types of fresh roots and processed products is estimated at 115 million tonnes, up 1 million tonnes in 2005.
Cassava in the world trade in 2006 was estimated at 6.9 million tons, up 11% compared to 2005 (6.2 million tons), down 14.8% compared to 2004 (8.1 million tons). Which starch (starch) and cassava (flour) occupy 3.5 million tonnes of cassava chips (chips) and pellet (pellets) of 3.4 million tonnes.
China is the biggest importer of the world's cassava to ethanol (bio ethanol), modified starch (starch modify), fodder and industrial use medicinal foods. The main venue in Guangxi Province. In 2005, China imported 1.03 million tons of starch, tapioca and 3.03 million tonnes of cassava chips, pellets. In 2006, China imported 1.15 million tons of starch, tapioca and 3.40 million tonnes of cassava chips and pellets.
Thailand accounts for over 85% of global exports of cassava, followed by Indonesia and Vietnam. Export market of Thai cassava mainly by China, Taiwan, Japan and the European Community with export share of about 40% cassava flour and starch, cassava and 25% pellet (TTTA, 2006; FAO, 2007).
2006 is considered the year with higher prices for both cassava flour, starch and cassava. The export of cassava as animal feed into the European community countries have now reduced the price of cassava in 2006 but remained at high levels due to the large market in China and Japan (FAO, 2007).
Institute for Food Policy World (IFPRI), has calculated multifaceted and forecast production and global consumption of cassava with a vision to 2020. The 2020 Global cassava production is estimated at 275.10 million tons, mainly cassava production in the developing countries was 274.7 million tons, the country has developed around 0.40 million tonnes. Cassava consumption in developed countries is forecast at 254.60 million tons compared with the developed countries is 20.5 million tonnes. The volume of global cassava products used as food demand forecast is 176.3 million tonnes and fodder 53.4 million tonnes. The annual growth rate of demand for cassava as food products, food and animal feed reached 1.98%, respectively, and 0.95%. Africa remains the region leads global cassava production with production forecast to reach 168.6 million by 2020 tonnes. In particular, the volume of products used as food is 77.2%, as animal feed is 4.4%. Latin America 1993-2020 period, estimated consumption rate of annual cassava products rose 1.3%, compared with 2.44% Africa and Asia is 0.84 to 0.96%. Cassava continues to hold an important role in many Asian countries, especially Southeast Asian countries where cassava has a total area ranks third after rice and maize and the total output ranks third after rice and sugarcane. Cassava production direction depends on the competitiveness of crops. The solution is to increase cassava productivity by adopting new varieties and technical measures progress.
Production and consumption of cassava in Vietnam In Vietnam, cassava as food crops, fodder wheat and maize important. In 2005, cassava has an area of 432 thousand hectares harvested, yield 15.35 t / ha, yield 6.6 million tons, compared with the rice plant has an area of 7326 hectares, yield 4.88 t / ha, yield 35.8 million tons, corn has 995 hectares of area, yield 3.51 t / ha, yields close to one million tonnes (FAO, 2007). Cassava is an important source of income of the poor farmers so easy to grow cassava, little cocoon land, less capital and suitable ecological and economic conditions of the farmers. Cassava is mainly intended for sale (48.6%) plan to use as animal feed (22.4%), manual processing (16.8%), only 12.2% using fresh consumption.
Cassava is also valuable cash crops for export and domestic consumption. Cassava is the main raw material for processing MSG, bio- ethanol, instant noodles, candies, syrups, beverage, packaging, plywood, pharmaceutical additives, bio mulch and soil moisturizer. National has more than 60 processing plants starch with a total capacity of about 3.8 million tonnes of fresh roots / year and many cassava processing facilities scattered craft in most provinces cassava. Vietnam currently has an annual output of about 800000-1200000 tons of cassava, of which over 70% of exports and nearly 30% of domestic consumption. Cassava export products of Vietnam are mostly starch, cassava chips and cassava starch. The main market is China, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, South Korea. Investment in bio- ethanol processing plant is a large user perspective.
Food production is the industry focus and strength of Vietnam vision to the year 2020. Vietnam Government stepping up production of rice, corn and attaches importance to produce cassava, sweet potato in the area, the conditions for development. Export markets cassava and tapioca starch Vietnam favorable forecasts and competitive advantage due to the high demand for bioethanol processing, monosodium glutamate, fodder and modified starch products. Vietnam's cassava area is expected to stabilize around 450 thousand hectares but will increase the productivity and production of cassava by selecting and developing the best varieties with fresh tuber yield and high starch content, build and finish improve the process of farming techniques and appropriate sustainable cassava ecoregion.
Economic position of cassava
Value in use. Cassava has many uses in industrial processing, animal feed and food. The root is used for starch, cassava, cassava flour mill or eaten fresh. From fresh cassava roots or from the primary processing cassava products constitute a series of industrial products such as MSG, alcohol, instant noodles, glucose, syrup, candy, malt, industrial adhesives (sizing, glued wood), rice noodles, vermicelli, macaroni, noodles, potato flour, rice paper, pearl beads (tapioca), food additives, pharmaceutical additives. The root is also the main raw material for animal feed. Body cassava for seed, industrial raw material for cellulose, as mushrooms, firewood. Young cassava leaves used as a vegetable protein. Using direct cassava leaves to feed silkworms, fish. Cassava flour or cassava leaf silage to pigs, chickens, cattle, goats, ... Currently, the cassava is increasingly common in business, international trade (P.Silvestre, M.Arraudeau, 1991).
Nutritional ingredients. Fresh cassava tubers have 38-40% dry matter percentage, 16-32% starch, vitamin C, calcium, vitamin B and minerals, poor fat, minerals, vitamins and protein poor. in cassava, the amino acid content was skewed, but lacks the arginine excess sulfur-containing amino acid. Nutrient composition differences depending on variety, planting, harvesting some months after planting and technical analysis. Cassava leaves have a high protein content, many powders, minerals and vitamins. Cassava leaf protein had sufficient essential amino acids, lysine but rich in methionine deficiency. In addition to cassava leaf nutrients, also contain toxic amounts [HCN] significantly. The sweet cassava varieties with 80-110 mg HCN / 1kg of fresh leaves. The bitter cassava contains 160-240 mg HCN / 1kg of fresh leaves. Sweet cassava is a very nutritious vegetable but note carefully boiled to reduce HCN. Bitter cassava should not eat, but should be boiled pickled or dried cassava flour to make coordination with other baking powder, the remaining HCN negligible.
Job Benefits of Cassava: Cassava is easy to grow, with many types of soil, low investment, the economic capacity of households with many poor farmers, labor shortage. utilize land for the long-term. Cassava also have high competitiveness for efficient use of capital and land, make good use of poor soil types. Cassava high yield and profits rather if good seed and planting know using the correct process of sustainable cassava cultivation. Cassava farmers planting offers for: able to use well the soil was exhausted: high yield and stable, low investment costs and use less labor, prolonged harvest time so conveniently scattered. Cassava cultivation suited to poor farmers, less capital.
Disadvantages: Growing cassava soil exhaustion; The root is poor in protein and vitamins, toxic HCN in fresh cassava roots; Cassava caused environmental pollution
Development Solutions Sustainable Cassava
1) Application of new varieties and cultivation techniques for sustainable cassava yield higher profits and maintain soil fertility.
2) Apply processing techniques and coordination of food to improve the nutritional value of cassava products.
3) Applied technology line modern cassava processing, utilizing waste byproducts to make animal feed, fertilizer, regular environmental impact assessment.
4) plan the production, processing and consumption of cassava.
5) Expand the market for the products of cassava
6) Formation and development program to link Vietnam cassava collaborative network of research, teaching, extension, management, investment, manufacturing, trading, processing and consumption of cassava.
